Sigmund Freuds Theory of Psychoanalysis Essay example

Sigmund Freuds Theory of Psychoanalysis Freuds methods of psychoanalysis were based on his theory that people have repressed, hidden feelings. The psychoanalysts goal is to make the patient aware of these subconscious feelings. Childhood conflicts that are hidden away by the patient, become revealed to both the analyst and the patient, allowing the patient to live a less anxious, more healthy life. Methods of hypnosis were originally used by Freud to find the cause for anxiety, but he dismissed them as being too inaccurate. He started to use methods of free association to delve into the patients sub-conscious. By assessing the patients reactions to the analysts suggestions, Freud saw that the analyst could help the†¦show more content†¦Through the slips made when the patient was told to carry out the free-association process, and some of the patients beliefs and habits, Freud could delve into the patients subconscious. These thoughts produced a chain directly into the patients subconscious, and unearthed memories and feelings. This process soon became known as psychoanalysis. Freud also believed that dreams were an important way of getting into the patients subconscious. By analyzing dreams, he could reveal the basis of conflict within the patient. Freud believed the mind was made up of three main parts: the conscious, the preconscious, and the subconscious. The conscious region is the part that people are most aware of and what others can see. The preconscious region holds thoughts and feelings that a person can become aware of but that are mostly hidden away. Finally, the subconscious region consists of thoughts and feelings which are completely hidden away and which one is mostly unaware of. Some believe that the preconscious region is really a small part of the much larger subconscious region. Freud said that the mind is like an iceberg, with most of it, the subconscious, hidden away, and only a small part, the conscious, showing above the water, able to be seen. Why, then, would the majority of the mind be hidden; why is the subconscious region so much larger than the conscious region? Freud explained that the answer is that oneShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freuds Theory Of Psychoanalysis1636 Words   |  7 Pages This passage from â€Å"Psycho-analysis,† Sigmund Freud’s essay detailing the origins, methods, and applications of his theory of psychoanalysis, reveals the utility of his approach in understanding what lies beneath the surface through the interpretation of dreams, which later psychoanalytic critics related to the interpretation of literature. Freud’s description of his psychoanalytic theory considers it an approach to unlocking knowledge that is impossible to discover through prior methods of psychologyRead MoreSigmund Freuds Psychoanalysis Theory1288 Words   |  5 Pages1) Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud, give an account of your understanding of the development of this approach. The central concept within Sigmund Freuds psychoanalysis theory is the role of the unconscious. For Freud, psychoanalytic therapy focused on making the unconscious conscious, thus revealing the underlying, unconscious thoughts and motivations causing the disorders or anti-social behaviors from which they suffer. Bringing these underlying thoughts and motivations to the surfaceRead MoreAn Allegory of Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Theory in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies936 Words   |  4 PagesSigmund Freud, an Austrian psychologist, once said that â€Å"the ego is not master in its own house.† The novelLord of the Flies, written by William Golding, is an allegory for Sigmund Freud’s theory on the superego, the ego, and the id, and the constant struggle between the three psyches, which leads to a man becomingcrazy. The three characters in the novel which represent the three psyches are; the Lord of the Flies, Ralph, and Simon. The island that the boys are stranded on can be interpretedRead MoreEssay on What is useful in Freuds theory of dreams?1686 Words   |  7 Pagesto include the interpretation of dreams in psychoanalysis as well. Freud decided he would developped his theory of dreams to go further in his analysis. According to Freud, dreams allow unconscious desires, fears or emotions to express themselves in a disguised way. Dreams are an expression of wish fulfilment communicating through symbols. Throughout this essay, we will ask ourselves how dreams and their interpretation can be useful to psychoanalysis. Why pay attention to night unconsciousnessRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1283 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud (1856-1939), is a pioneer in the field of psychology in various ways. His dedication to his field helped shape the minds of many nineteen-century contemporary schools of thought. Most notably, Freud’s work in psychoanalytic theory, according to Tan (2011) earned him the title of, â€Å"father of psychoanalysis† (p. 322). Moreover, Tan Taykeyesu (2011) report that Freud’s genius is not just in psychoanalysis, but also when we â€Å"think Oedipus complex, infantile sexuality, and repression†Read MoreHistory and Theory Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Theory The viewpoints if Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers have similarities and differences. Both have made significant contribution to the psychology field. The theories from Freud and Rogers are still used in modern psychology. Freud is best known for creating psychoanalysis and Rogers is renowned for developing the person-centered therapy. The subject of this paper pertains to Freud’s and Rogers’ views of their respective theories, how different their theories would be ifRead MoreEssay on Psychoanalysis1148 Words   |  5 PagesPsychoanalysis When people think of psychoanalysis, usually one name comes to mind. This would be Sigmund Freud. Freud, along with Carl G. Jung and Alfred Adler, has impacted the history of psychoanalysis. Further, he has influenced the lives of the men and women during the early 1900s. In todays society, the history of psychoanalysis is continually being discussed among many scholars. Paul Roazen, author of Encountering Freud: The Politics and Histories of Psychoanalysis, has dedicatedRead More10 Things You Should Know About Sigmund Freud1012 Words   |  5 Pages1. Sigmund Freud Was the Oldest of Eight Children Freud was born as Sigismund Schlomo Freud on May 6, 1856. His father Joseph was a 41-year-old wool merchant who already had two children from a previous marriage. Freuds mother, Amalia, was twenty years younger than her husband. The failure of his fathers business forced the Freud family to move from their home in Freiberg, Moravia to Vienna. Freud has seven siblings, yet he often described himself as his mothers special favorite - her goldenRead MoreSigmund Freud. Briana Gates. Mr. Wiles. Psyc 43101-01:1611 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud Briana Gates Mr. Wiles PSYC 43101-01: History and Systems of Psychology February 25, 2017 On May 6, 1856, a baby by the name of Sigmund Freud was born, in a what is now known as the Czech Republic (Schultz Schultz, 2012). After moving around a bit, Freud eventually settled in Vienna, and spent most his life there. It is without question that Sigmund Freud is a well-known name, and that he can be considered the father of what is known as psychoanalysis, seeing as how heRead MoreA Synopsis Of Sigmund Freud775 Words   |  4 PagesA Synopsis of Sigmund Freud The Theorist Sigmund Freud was born, May 6, 1856, and died 23 September, 1939. He was beyond a doubt one of the founding fathers of modern psychology. Sigmund Freud examined the human mind more in depth than anyone who became before him. His contributions to psychology are immeasurable. He was one of the most influential people throughout the twentieth century. His theories, and research have influenced not only psychology, but many other areas of culture, including the

Online Halloween Scavenger Hunt

This is a great Halloween scavenger hunt that will have your students scavenging online for the answers to the questions below. Scavenger Hunt Directions Find the answers to questions 1 - 20 (below) on the following pages to complete the following Halloween Scavenger Hunt. Halloween Questions 1. What kind of worms are in wormy apples? 2. What do you get when you cross a Snowman with a Vampire? 3. Name the Halloween Haunted House in Bentleyville, PA. 4. Where does the name Halloween come from? 5. In what year did the Salem witchcraft trials occur? 6. What color should the Walkman box be sprayed in order to complete the Walkman costume? 7. In Halloween Checkers, what type of creature is on your pieces? 8. What label should you look for when purchasing costumes? 9. What do you make the Halloween Spiders legs out of? 10. Who wrote The House of Seven Gables? 11. What three ingredients are needed to make Goopy Slime? 12. In the Easy Halloween Maze, what are you trying to help the skeleton find his way to? 13. Who wrote The Raven? 14. What sign should hang over the entrance to a Harry Potter Halloween party? 15. Where can you see memorabilia from pirates like Blackbeard? Happy hunting!

Life Of Standout Basketball Player Michael Brooks Essay

Family, friends, and former teammates gathered at Founders’ Hall School of Business on the campus of La Salle University on Saturday to remember and celebrate the life of standout basketball player Michael Brooks. Brooks, 58, passed away on August 22, 2016 and had a storied basketball career. His basketball playing days began at West Catholic High School and continued in the Sonny Hill League as he played with guys such as Gene Banks and Louis Lloyd. Brooks then went on to play all four years at La Salle, was named to the 1980 United States Olympic men’s basketball team and played professionally in the NBA and overseas. Over his four-year career at La Salle, Brooks put up outstanding numbers as he amassed 2,628 points and 1,372 rebounds. In his senior year, Brooks averaged 24.1 points and 11.5 rebounds per game and was named the NCAA Kodak National Player of the Year. During Saturday’s memorial service, everyone from Bill Bradshaw, Interim Director of Athletics at La Salle, Gene Banks, his friend and former teammate in the Sonny Hill League, and Sonny Hill all talked about how great of a player Brooks was. Bradshaw, who was the Athletic Director, during the time Brooks was at La Salle, spoke about his 51-point performance against the BYU Cougars on December 15, 1979, where the Explorers lost in triple overtime but also how tough of a matchup Brooks was for opposing players. â€Å"He was a nightmarish matchup for any size defender who dared to stop him,† Bradshaw said. â€Å"HeShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesare well and successful, and I truly appreciate your contributions. I apologize if I have missed anybody, and vi †¢ Preface would be grateful to know such so we can rectify this in future editions. I welcome updates to present affiliations. Michael Pearson, Loyola University, New Orleans; Beverlee Anderson, University of Cincinnati; Y.H. Furuhashi, Notre Dame; W. Jack Duncan, University of AlabamaBirmingham; Mike Farley, Del Mar College; Joseph W. Leonard, Miami University (OH); Abbas NadimRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesGlobalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment

Human Resources And Sustainable Development - 1378 Words

Humanity has the power to make development sustainable. This power ensures that development will meet the needs of the present without disrupting the ability of future generations to pursue their own particular desires. Sustainable development is maintaining harmony between the human need to improve lifestyles and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, for which present and future generations depend on. Too often, in today’s world, development is driven by one specific need, without completely considering the boundless future effects. Humanity has already observed the damage and felt the harm this type of approach can cause, from final crisis and irresponsible banking, to dramatic changes in atmospheric temperatures resulting from our dependence on fossil fuel-based energy sources. The longer we pursue unstainable development, the more frequent and extreme its consequences are likely to become, which is why it is curtail to take action immediately. (1) Untimely, the key objective of any sustainable nation is to furnish residents and workers with the highest quality of life together, and the lowest environmental footprint. Dubai is a prime example of a city which holds its wealthy transformation upon an unstainable platform. Its model of development has been the antithesis of sustainable development in which humans attempt to overpower their environment, rather than coexist with it. Although its dramatic makeover was extraordinary, it was achieved at an e xtremelyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Sustainable Development And The Triple Bottom Line1515 Words   |  7 PagesSustainable Development And The Triple Bottom Line Sustainable development means that the present generations should be able to make use of resources to live better lives in such a manner that it does not compromise the ability of future generations. For sustainable development to occur, there needs to be sustainable economic, ecological and community development. Society needs to be educated about ways in which they can use resources, especially natural, in such a manner that it does not causeRead MoreThe Nature Of Sustainable Development1492 Words   |  6 Pagestoday, people around the world have a common view about how human treat their only homeland, the Earth, which should develop in sustainable ways. Long before human beings established their society groups, there is a slight difference between human and other animals that live in forests. It is until human use a tool to gather the grains and hunting that humanity cultivation began. Humans at that time has a basic concept of sustainable development, which equals to fulfill their daily need from a fixedRead MoreHow is sustainable development linked to ecological footprint?1552 Words   |  7 Pages How is sustainable development linked to ecological footprint? According to the Brundtland Report, sustainable development is defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.† In this definition, two challenges are worth nothing: meeting the needs of world’s poor, as well as the environmental limitations brought about by technological advancements and social organizations. According to Ruzevicius (2010)Read MoreSustainable Development1618 Words   |  7 PagesQ. Sustainable Development? Ans:. Sustainable development refers to a mode of human development in which resource use aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. The term sustainable development was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development: development that meets the needs of the present withoutRead MoreTaking a Look at Sustainable Woods1299 Words   |  5 Pagesover time. Sustainability for humans is the ability to save the quality of life that we live in the long term and this in turn depends on the conservation of the natural world and the responsible use of natural resources. The term sustainability has become widespread and can be applied to almost every facet of life on Earth, from the local level to the global level and over different periods of time. Wetlands and healthy forests are examples of critical systems sustainable. The courses biochemical hiddenRead MoreEssay about Canada: Globalization and Sustainable Development1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe occurrence of globalization, sustainable development, and the ecological footprint are all seemingly connected in today’s environmental capacities. To further understand these environmental processes, one must divulge into these individual environmental concepts to properly understand their facilitations. Furthermore, according to professor Vamvakas â€Å"a major theme of Sustainable development is the alternative to the destruction of the world environment by the economic imperative of globalization†Read MoreHow Can Sustainable Development Save Urban Areas Essay822 Words   |  4 Pages How can sustainable development save urban areas INTRODUCTION: The population of people living in urban areas is increasing every year, especially in the developing countries.Urbanization is a very popular word to almost everyone now. However, many serious problems are caused at the same time with the development of urbanization. Let us take Europeans urban problems as example. The successful process of urban areas brings problems including shortage of housing ,long journey from residenceRead MoreThe Changing Relationship Between Nature And Society1658 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship has evolved over time due to drastic changes amongst the human race. Global warming is a major event that society is facing today due to the effect humans have had on the environment. ‘Human induced climate change’ (Houghton, 2015) is a major challenge that must be prevented and diminished. One of the main factors that can prevent global warming from rising is promoting the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development has been altered to address environmental problems as a resultRead MoreThe Between Science, Policy And Sustainability1103 Words   |  5 Pagesdebate that exponential population growth and economic growth, coupled with natural resources depletion, cannot be sustained has started already a few centuries ago with a ground-breaking publication: â€Å"Essay on the principle of population† Thomas Malthus in 1798. With more scientific knowledge developed around this debate, a reverse strategy was formed on the international political agenda called Sustainable Development, and nowadays became a widely used terminology. This essay will outline the interplayRead MoreSustainability And Its Impact On Sustainability1169 Words   |  5 Pagestaking what we need to live now, without jeopardizing the potential for people in the future to meet their needs. If an activity is said to be sustainable, it should be able to continue forever. what sets it apart from simply â€Å"environmentalism† or â€Å"environmental protection† Sustainability, in contrast to the environmentalism, represents the idea that human society should operate by utilizing industrial and biological processes that can be sustained indefinitely; this implies that those processes are

The Pros And Cons Of WIC - 795 Words

Since its inception, WIC has seen increases in enrollment and has responded by establishing 10,000 clinic sites including county health departments, hospitals, mobile clinics, community centers, schools, migrant health sites and Indian Service facilities (USDA, 2015). Almost 46,000 merchants across the U.S accepted WIC vouchers that provide nutritious foods for families in 2015, according to the USDA. WIC has established overall goals of providing â€Å"vouchers for supplemental nutritious foods, education and counseling at WIC clinics, and screenings/referrals to other health and welfare services† (USDA, 2015). In addition to these goals, WIC has joined the Healthy People 2020 federal initiative to achieve the major breastfeeding goals of†¦show more content†¦It should be noted that these services vary according to population needs, with some studies even indicating that services vary based on the racial background of the participants (Evans, Labbok, Abrahams 2011). This should be a cause for concern, and discrepancies in services provided must be avoided to limit further disparities. Data from the Centers for Disease Control (2016) found that in 2010, the rates for breastfeeding initiation was 74% for Native American women, which was lower than other groups. In order to better combat breastfeeding disparities, the WIC program continues to tailor their breastfeeding support services to achieve the Healthy People 2020 goals by increasing the number of trained staff, holding community involvement sessions, and constructing additional educational components. WIC partners with Indian Tribal Organizations (ITOs) to provide nutritional services to approximately 63,000 Native American participants. Similar to the general population of the U.S., almost half of Native American women are enrolled in the WIC program (USDA, 2015; Evans, Labbok, Abrahams, 2011). Native Americans living on reservations are at higher risk of food insecurity and adverse health conditions such as diabetes and obesity than the general U.S population due to economic barriers,Show MoreRelatedAccra Beach Hotel Case Study970 Words   |  4 Pageshosting WICS accomodation for a special rate. This rate involves a discount for 50 of the 141 rooms of the hotel. It is now then the call of the sales manager whether to accept the inquiry or not. But before the manager could decide on the matter, she should consider the welfare of the business people who will be neglected if they chose to accept the offer from WICS. On the other hand, it will bear a publicity effect as the marke ting exposure through the Board if they chose to host the WICS. * Read MoreGuidelines Of Guidelines Regarding Milk Banks Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesemployer. There are supporting programs also, like (WIC) Woman Infant and child program is for both breast feeding moms and bottle feeding moms. According to WIC is a federal program designed to provide food to low-income pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, infants and children until the age of five. The program provides a combination of nutrition education, supplemental foods, breastfeeding promotion and support, and referrals for health care. WIC has proven effective in preventing and improvingRead MoreIs Welfare Really Fair?1478 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch money as possible. This is done by a numerous amount of ways and people will do just about anything to get the extra help that they need, even if it is hurting someone else in the process. There are many pros for families receiving welfare, when the power is not being abused. One pro is that children get to come home to food on the table, the electricity will be on, and they won’t have to worry about fending for themselves. Although this is the ideal way that welfare is supposed to work, itRead MoreFederalism in Welfare Programs Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pagesderived from the people. (Levin-Waldman, 2012). This paper will also describe the history of TANF and discuss debates about the pros and cons of TANF Temporary Assistance to Needy Families and the problems they are intended to solve or improve and the effectiveness of them both. When people think about welfare they normally think of Medicaid, WIA Work Investment Act, WIC Women, Infants, and Children and of course AFDC Aid to Families with Dependent Children now TANF, and HUD Housing and Urban DevelopmentRead MoreThe Government And Other Related Parties Should Label1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthis? ii. Clearly, the only way to â€Å"avoid† GM crops is by growing it yourself or buying organic and Non-GMO verified products. I. Low-income families do not have any chance. Here is an example. a. Mothers who receive WIC assistance are prevented through WIC restrictions from buying organic or non-GM formula (EndoRiot, 2014). (Transition: But understanding the current state of the food system isn’t knowing the whole story, It is important to know how GMO s will affect the future ofRead MoreThe Health Care System as a Lucrative Business Versus a Right of Citizenship1243 Words   |  5 Pagesdilemma. The goal of the articles argument is to say that health care is a right of the American people and should be presented as such. To take sides with this viewpoint and have legitimate reason would mean doing an in depth evaluation of the pros and cons of the aforementioned. Federal programs present stability and growth for todays society and also give hope to a better tomorrow. Housing subsidies are provided to decrease the number of homeless people. That diminishing number has a directRead MoreImmigration Has Changed America s Workforce, Economy, Society And Culture1838 Words   |  8 Pagesbillion on the federal government. At the same time we were paying $16 billion in federal taxes. This ends up costing up to $2,700 per household. Among the largest costs were Medicaid ($2.5 billion); food-assistance programs such as food stamps, WIC, and free school lunches ($1.9 billion); the federal prison and court systems ($1.6 billion); medical treatment for the uninsured ($2.2 billion); and federal aid to schools ($1.4 billion). We are spending all this money on these people, and then toRead MoreDetecting And Social Media Conversations2036 Words   |  9 Pagesmajor aim of social media is to be able to connect with people from all over the world as well as to be able to learn about new people, cultures, languages, behaviors and so on. Social media has its pros and cons. Pros, as we mentioned, is to bring people together and learn. For the business world, the pros are to learn about customer satisfaction, dissatisfaction, taste and preferences, and a way of knowing what is trending, and going on in the market environment. The consequences of social mediaRead MoreImmigration : Illegal Immigration And Discrimination2373 Words   |  10 Pagesmove to another country because of the freedom or to better themselves and their families. Immigration affects all Americans because of the rise of population, unemployment for Americans, and also crime rates. Many people believe there are many pros and cons to illegal immigration. Immigration policy is a controversial and rare debate issue in our U.S. politics. Politicians usually do not want to talk about or ty and take on strong stances on immigration, and rarely do candidates make immigration policyRead MoreSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( Snap )2351 Words   |  10 Pagesprogram disappeared together with coupons. Finally, in 2011 about one in seven Americans was served by SNAP. Literature Review The reviewed articles illustrate changes that happened during program operation in different states as well as its pros and cons. The analysis of participation in the SNAP program shows that there was a certain difference between the states namely the gap between the rates. Georgia, Louisiana, and Tennessee, for example, showed much higher percentage of population that received

Applying the Full-Range Leadership Model free essay sample

As the new wing safety officer, I have been asked to eradicate the trends in safety mishaps and make sure there is a process in place to prevent future occurrences. This paper will outline an analysis of the current leadership, the application of the Full-Range Leadership Model (FRLM) concepts in my solution, a plan of action, and set goals to track progress. The Analysis Based on the interviews conducted with the previous safety officer and the team members, I noticed that each member has various strengths that can be utilized in a new campaign to combat the safety issues. Understanding these strengths has helped me to identify their leadership styles under my predecessors reign. Col Parker exhibited a passive management by exception approach with my predecessor, Capt Matthews. As a transactional leader, Col Parker assigned the task to Capt Matthews, monitored his performance, and then stepped in when things were going awry. We will write a custom essay sample on Applying the Full-Range Leadership Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Capt Matthews failed to make an impact on reversing the safety mishaps trend. This was primarily due to him exhibiting a laissez-faire approach when it came to exploiting the talents of his team to accomplish the mission. His past experiences gave him the tools to ascertain success, but not developing SSgt Williamsons willingness to engage others, and her proactive community involvement or apitalizing on MSgt Jones and Mr. DeBurghs seasoned experience and wealth of knowledge specific to the base was his downfall. Moreover, Lt Johnson was allowed to be a non-engaged member of the team. He was not given a leadership role or an opportunity to employ his skills in management and marketing leaving him unmotivated. The Application Leadership comes from top down and in this case Col Parker needs to enhance her transactional leadership tools from Management by Exception to Contingent Reward or CR (discussed later in the plan of action) and strengthen her transformational leadership. She exhibits individual consideration by treating the members within the wing as family, not Just subordinates. She has the people behind her simply because they know she genuinely cares about them and their well-being. This can be capitalized on as part of a new campaign to put an end to the mishaps. MSgt Jones and Mr. DeBurgh have a plethora of experience between the two of them that can be harnessed and developed. I will provide the intellectual stimulation (IS) for these team members to get them back in the game to provide ideas for a new safety conquered based on prior experiences and MSgt Jones can possibly provide cutting dge technologies in mishap prevention from the classes he takes. SSgt Williamson is ready and willing to work wherever she is needed. Shes been placed in an administrative role, but her passion regarding the recent mishaps surpasses her knowledge of file plans.

ABOUT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MOLECULES Essay Example For Students

ABOUT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MOLECULES Essay The properties observed for matter on the macroscopic level are determined by the properties of the constituent molecules and the interactions between them. The polar or non-polar character of a molecule will clearly be important in determining the nature of its interactions with other molecules. There will be relatively strong forces of attraction acting between molecules with large dipole moments. To a first approximation, the energy of interaction between dipolar molecules can be considered as completely electrostatic in origin, the negative end of one molecule attracting the positive end of another. The presence of intermolecular forces accounts for the existence of solids and liquids. A molecule in a condensed phase is in a region of low potential energy, a potential well, as a result of the attractive forces which the neighbouring molecules exert on it. By supplying energy in the form of heat, a molecule in a solid or liquid phase can acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the potential energy of attraction and escape into the vapour phase. The vapour pressure (the pressure of the vapour in equilibrium with a solid or liquid at a given temperature) provides a measure of the tendency of a molecule in a condensed phase to escape into the vapour; the larger the vapour pressure, the greater the escaping tendency. The average kinetic energy of the molecule in the vapour is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. Thus the observation of a large vapour pressure at a low temperature implies that relatively little kinetic energy is required to overcome the potential i nteractions between the molecules in the condensed phase. We will write a custom essay on ABOUT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MOLECULES specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The only potential interactions possible between non-polar, covalently bonded molecules are of the van der Waals type as previously discussed for the interaction between two helium atoms at large internuclear separations. Molecules such as H2 and N2 have closed shell electronic structures in the same sense that helium does; all of the valence electrons are paired and no further chemical bonding may occur. The small polarizations of the charge densities induced by the long-range interactions of closed shell atoms or molecules result in only weak forces of attraction. The low boiling points (the temperature at which the vapour pressure above the liquid phase equals one atmosphere) observed for substances composed of molecules which can interact only through a van der Waals type force are, therefore, understandable. Table 7-6 lists the normal boiling points for a number of representative compounds. Table 7-6. Normal Boiling Points (K)Substance BP SubstanceBP SubstanceBP He 4.2 NH3240 NaCl 1686H2 20.4HF 292 LiF1949N2 77.4H2O373 BeO 4100Ar87.4 An argon atom is larger than a helium atom and its outer charge density is not bound as tightly as that in helium. (Recall that the ionization potential for argon is less than that for helium.) Consequently, the charge density of argon is more polarizable than that of helium and the forces of attraction between argon atoms and hence its normal boiling point are correspondingly greater. These same forces do, of course, operate in the gas phase as well and are the cause of the observed deviations from ideal gas behaviour. The interactions between polar molecules such as HF and H2O will be much larger and their normal boiling points greater than those observed for the non-polar molecules. When hydrogen is present at the positive end of a polar bond, the dipolar interactions are particularly strong and are given a special name, hydrogen-bonded interactions. The hydrogen bond increases in strength as the electronegativity of the atom to which the H is chemically bonded increases. (We noted previously that the dipole moment in the HA molecules increased as A was made more electronegative.) Liquid hydrogen fluoride consists of chains of molecules joined end to end; each hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the fluorine of the next. In liquid water, each water molecule is hydrogen bonded to four other water molecules. This accounts for what appears to be an anomalously high boiling point for water when compared with the values observed for the neighbouring hydride molecules NH3 and HF. .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f , .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f .postImageUrl , .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f , .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f:hover , .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f:visited , .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f:active { border:0!important; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f:active , .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9383b09ecd9d688a77f365b4d3ab690f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Educational research single su Essay The condensed phases so far considered are called molecular solids or molecular liquids because the identity of the individual molecule is largely retained. As the forces between the molecules become larger, the point of view of regarding a solid as a collection of individual, interacting molecules becomes less satisfactory. In the limiting case of the strong interactions which exist between the ions in an ionic crystal, the concept of a discrete molecule in the solid phase ceases to exist. In solid KCl, for example, the potassium and chloride ions exist as separate entities; each potassium ion is in contact with six chloride ions, whic h in turn are each in contact with six potassium ions. Each ion attracts its six neighbouring ions equally and thus the structure is symmetrical and therefore cubic; six ions of one sign occupy the centres of the faces of a regular cube with an ion of opposite sign at its centre. The number of nearest neighbours a given ion has in an ionic crystal is determined by the relative sizes of the positive and negative species. The Be+2 ion is considerably smaller than O-2 and the basic structure of BeO is tetrahedral, each ion surrounded by four ions of opposite charge. The strong electrostatic forces between the ions in a crystal are reflected in the high boiling points recorded in Table 7-6 for the ionic compounds.